This part of the chapter focused a lot on fundamentalism and religious alternatives to fundamentalism. Fundamentalism can be said to be a militant piety- defensive, assertive, and exclusive-that took shape to some extent in every major religious tradition. It represented a religious response, characterized by one scholar as "embattled forms of spirituality". The term started in the US where religious conservatives in the early 20th century were unhappy with the critical and scientific approaches to the bible.
Fundamentalism wasn't the only religious response to modernity and globalization in the Islamic world. The many people who were concerned about the ways of fundamentalism have established their own political structures. Believers found various ways of responding to global modernity. Liberal and mainstream Christian groups spoke about the ethical issues arising. Fundamentalism seemed to really stir up a religious debate.
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